![]() These viruses ( Orthomyxoviridae family) are enveloped, negative-sense single-stranded ribonucleic acid (RNA) viruses with segmented genomes. Influenza, commonly known as “flu”, is an infectious respiratory disease caused by influenza viruses. We also discuss several alternative RNA-targeting antiviral approaches, namely the CRISPR/Cas13 systems, RNA interference (RNAi), and antisense oligonucleotides (ASO) as potential antiviral approaches against IAV. In the light of the above, this review discusses the characteristics and mechanisms of mutations and reassortments that contribute to IAV’s evolution. As IAV remains a constant threat for new outbreaks worldwide, the underlying processes of genetic changes and alternative antiviral approaches for IAV should be further explored to improve disease management. As a result, current therapeutic options hit a brick wall quickly. Numerous findings indicate that slow antigenic drift and reassortment-derived antigenic shift exhibited by IAV are key processes that allow IAVs to overcome the previously acquired host immunity, which eventually leads to the annual re-emergence of seasonal influenza and even pandemic influenza, in rare occasions. This phenomenon is attributed to the antigenic changes of hemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA) proteins in IAV via genetic mutation and reassortment, conferring antigenic drift and antigenic shift, respectively. Despite vaccinations and previous immunisations through infections, humans can still be infected with influenza several times throughout their lives. ![]() Influenza A (IAV) is a major human respiratory pathogen that contributes to a significant threat to health security, worldwide.
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